Paediatric urological conditions and procedures can include:

• Urinary tract infections, when bacteria get into the urine, travel up the urethra into the bladder. When this happens, the bacteria multiply and cause infection. This can be treated with antibiotics.
• Vesicoureteral reflux is when urine flows backwards from the bladder up the ureters to the kidneys. This can be diagnosed using an MCUG (Micturating Cystourethrogram). This is a special type of X-ray test that looks inside a child's body while he or she is passing urine.
• Fluid hernia and scrotal swelling and pain or Hydrocele
  A hydrocele is a fluid-like sac that can form around a boy's testicle and cause swelling in his scrotum. A Hydrocelectomy is the surgical removal of the Hydrocele.
• Undescended testes will be managed with an orchidopexy. This is surgery to move the testicle that has not descended down to its proper place in the scrotum and fix it there.
• Circumcision is the surgical resection of the foreskin of the penis. The foreskin is the piece of skin that, when gently pulled back, uncovers the head of the penis. In healthy newborns, there is no urgent need for circumcision. However, families may decide to have their sons circumcised for religious, traditional or personal reasons. Additionally, older children and adults may need circumcision to resolve certain medical conditions. Circumcision is medically indicated to treat a narrow (phimosis) or inflamed (posthitis) foreskin. Anaesthesia is always used for children, but it can be done under general or local anaesthesia for adults.