Unfortunately, you may only become aware of your condition when the disease has advanced, and your kidneys function at twenty-five per cent lower than what they used to.

• Kidney infections will present most likely with a fever and pain over the kidney. Dr Theron will do a clinical examination and ultrasound test to diagnose the kidney infection. This can then be managed with an appropriate antibiotic, and if there is obstruction of the kidney, it will be relieved with the insertion of a JJ-stent.
• Kidney cancer will most likely be detected through an ultrasound unless it is in an advanced stage when blood in the urine or pain over the kidney might be symptoms. Then, the management will be to surgically remove the kidney completely (radical nephrectomy) or partially (partial nephrectomy).